Friction diagrams, from chapter 2 in the book Pipe Flow 1
Detailed descriptions of the diagrams can be found in the book, available free from here. |
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Traditional Moody diagram.
This is relatively inaccurate for high Reynolds numbers, in the transition area between fully smooth and fully rough flow, and for 2,300 < Re < 10,000
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Modified Moody diagram.
Surface with low uniformity, meaning the surface contains very different sorts of imperfections.
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Modified Moody diagram.
Surface with moderate uniformity, meaning the surface contains different sorts of imperfections.
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Modified Moody diagram.
Surface with high uniformity, meaning the surface contains few different sorts of imperfections.
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Typical inaccuracies achieved when not knowing the surface uniformity accurately.
Additional errors arises if the assumed equivalent surface roughness is inaccurate. |